议论文的基本结构

一篇标准的议论文通常遵循“五段式”结构，就像汉堡包一样，有开头、中间和结尾。

第一段：引言段

• 目的：引出话题，表明你的观点（即中心论点）。
• 结构：
  • 引子：用一句名言、一个普遍现象、一个设问或一个背景介绍来吸引读者,引出要讨论的话题。
  • 背景：简单介绍话题的背景情况。
  • 中心论点：清晰地陈述你的立场或观点,这是整篇文章的灵魂。

第二、三段：主体段

• 目的：用具体的理由和例子来支撑你的中心论点,这是文章的血肉。
• 结构（每一段一个分论点）：
  • 主题句：清晰地提出本段的分论点,必须是中心论点的支撑。
  • 论据：提供事实、数据、例子、个人经历或专家观点来证明你的分论点。
  • 分析：解释你的论据如何支持你的分论点,把论据和论点联系起来。
  • 小结句：简要重申本段观点,并自然过渡到下一段。

第四段：让步段

• 目的：展示你的客观性和思辨能力，承认对立观点有一定道理，然后再进行反驳,这会让你的论证更有说服力。
• 结构：
  • 承认对方观点：用 "Admittedly", "It is true that..." 等词引出对立观点。
  • 转折：用 "However", "Nevertheless", "But" 等词进行转折。
  • 反驳：解释为什么对方的观点站不住脚,或者为什么你的观点更优。

第五段：结论段

• 目的：总结全文，重申中心论点，并升华主题,给读者留下深刻印象。
• 结构：
  • 重申中心论点：用不同的措辞再次强调你的观点。
  • 总结分论点：简要回顾你的几个主要理由。
  • 升华/展望：提出建议、预测未来或给出一个引人深思的结尾,让文章更有深度。

完整范文示例

下面以一个经典的初三议论文题目为例,展示完整的五段式结构。

Topic: Should students be allowed to use mobile phones at school? （学生应该被允许在学校使用手机吗？）

范文

Should Students Be Allowed to Use Mobile Phones at School?

In today's digital age, mobile phones have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. They are not just communication tools but also powerful devices for learning and entertainment. This has sparked a heated debate: should students be allowed to use mobile phones at school? In my opinion, while they can be useful, the potential for distraction outweighs the benefits, and therefore, their use should be strictly limited.

First and foremost, mobile phones are a major source of distraction that can harm students' academic performance. During class, students might be tempted to check social media, play games, or send text messages instead of focusing on the teacher. This constant interruption breaks their concentration and makes it difficult to absorb new knowledge. For example, a student might miss a crucial explanation in a math class because they were busy watching a short video on their phone. As a result, their grades could suffer, which is the primary goal of school.

Furthermore, the use of mobile phones can negatively affect face-to-face communication among students. School is not only a place for academic learning but also for developing social skills. When students are always looking down at their screens, they miss opportunities to interact with their classmates, participate in group discussions, or build real friendships. Over-reliance on phones for communication can make them less capable of handling in-person conversations, a skill vital for their future personal and professional lives.

Admittedly, some argue that mobile phones can be valuable educational tools. Students can use them to look up information quickly, use educational apps, or communicate with teachers about homework. However, these benefits can be achieved under controlled conditions, such as in a computer lab or with specific permission from the teacher for a particular task. The risk of misuse is too high to allow unfettered access during all school hours.

In conclusion, although mobile phones have their advantages, they pose significant risks to students' focus and social development. The school environment should prioritize learning and personal interaction. Therefore, I strongly believe that the use of mobile phones at school should be restricted to ensure a productive and healthy atmosphere for all students.

常用句式和词汇

掌握这些句式和词汇，能让你的文章更地道、更有说服力。

引入话题

• Nowadays, ... has become a hot topic.
• There is a growing debate about whether...
• Some people believe that..., while others argue that...
• The issue of... has aroused wide concern.

表明观点

• As far as I am concerned, I agree with the former/latter opinion.
• From my point of view, ...
• I am convinced that ...
• In my opinion, ...

提出分论点

• First of all / To begin with, ...
• Secondly / Furthermore / Moreover, ...
• The first and most important reason is that...
• Another significant advantage is that...

举例说明

• For example / For instance, ...
• A case in point is that...
• ... is a typical example.
• Take... for example.

让步与转折

• Admittedly / It is true that... / No one can deny that...
• However / Nevertheless / On the contrary, ...
• Despite this / In spite of this, ...
• But the fact is that...

总结全文

• In summary / In conclusion / To sum up, ...
• All in all, ...
• On the whole, ...
• From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that...

写作技巧与注意事项

1. 审题清晰：动笔前，务必仔细阅读题目，明确要求你讨论什么,以及你的立场是什么。
2. 列提纲：花3-5分钟列出文章的提纲，包括中心论点和2-3个分论点，这能保证你的文章结构不乱,逻辑清晰。
3. 论据要具体：避免空洞的口号，尽量用具体的例子、事实或个人经历来支撑你的观点，例子越具体,越有说服力。
4. 语言要正式：议论文是正式文体，避免使用缩写（如 don't, can't）、口语化词汇（如 "so", "very"）和网络用语。
5. 句式要多样：不要总是用 "I think..." 或 "He says..."，尝试使用不同的句式，如倒装句、强调句、定语从句等,让文章显得更有文采。
6. 检查语法和拼写：写完后，务必留出时间检查，注意时态、主谓一致、冠词等常见错误,一个干净整洁的卷面会给阅卷老师留下好印象。

希望这份详细的指南能对你有所帮助！多读范文、多模仿、多练习，你的英语议论文写作水平一定会稳步提升,加油！